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Muhammadu Buhari Biography: Early Life, Presidency, Achievements, and Legacy



Introduction
Muhammadu Buhari is a Nigerian politician, retired army general, and former president of Nigeria who served from 2015 to 2023. Widely known for his anti-corruption stance, military background, and simple lifestyle, Buhari remains one of the most influential figures in Nigerian politics. His career reflects Nigeria’s struggle with leadership, security, and economic reform.


Early Life and Education

Born on December 17, 1942, in Daura, Katsina State, Muhammadu Buhari grew up in a modest family. He attended primary schools in Daura and Mai’adua before moving to Katsina Provincial Secondary School, where he graduated in 1961.

His decision to join the Nigerian military shaped the rest of his life. In 1961, Buhari entered the Nigerian Military Training College (NMTC), later training at the Mons Officer Cadet School in Aldershot, United Kingdom. By 1963, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Nigerian Army.


Military Career and Head of State (1983–1985)

During his military service, Buhari held important command positions, including military governor of the former North-Eastern State in 1975 and later Federal Commissioner (Minister) for Petroleum Resources under General Olusegun Obasanjo. He played a key role in establishing the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in 1977.

On December 31, 1983, Buhari took power through a coup that ousted President Shehu Shagari. His administration introduced the famous War Against Indiscipline (WAI), which promoted discipline, anti-corruption values, and order in public life. However, critics argued that his government was authoritarian, silenced the press, and restricted political freedoms.

In 1985, his rule ended when General Ibrahim Babangida overthrew his government in another coup.


Political Comeback and Presidency (2015–2023)

After retiring from the army, Buhari transitioned into politics. He ran for president in 2003, 2007, and 2011, losing each election but gaining support as a symbol of integrity and change.

In 2015, Buhari, under the All Progressives Congress (APC), defeated incumbent President Goodluck Jonathan. This was a historic election—the first time in Nigeria’s history that an opposition candidate unseated a sitting president. He was re-elected in 2019 for a second term.


Achievements and Policies

During his presidency, Buhari focused on three main areas: security, economy, and anti-corruption.

1. Anti-Corruption Drive – Strengthened institutions like the EFCC and ICPC to investigate high-profile corruption cases.


2. Economic Diversification – Promoted agriculture through the Anchor Borrowers’ Programme, rehabilitated railways, and supported road infrastructure.


3. Security Efforts – Weakened Boko Haram’s control in the northeast, though insecurity from banditry and kidnappings remained a challenge.


4. Social Programs – Introduced N-Power to empower youths and conditional cash transfers to assist vulnerable Nigerians.


Criticisms and Controversies

Despite achievements, Buhari’s administration faced criticisms:

Nigeria entered two recessions during his tenure, leading to inflation and high unemployment.

Insecurity worsened in many regions, with rising cases of kidnapping and banditry.

The government’s handling of the #EndSARS protests in 2020 drew international criticism.

Buhari’s frequent medical trips to London sparked debates about transparency.


Personal Life

Buhari is married to Aisha Buhari, Nigeria’s First Lady from 2015 to 2023. They have several children together. He was previously married to Safinatu, who died in 2006. Known for his modesty, Buhari is often described as a leader who prefers simplicity over luxury.


Legacy

Buhari handed over power on May 29, 2023, to President Bola Ahmed Tinubu. Supporters credit him for his anti-corruption drive and infrastructure projects, while critics argue his government struggled with insecurity and economic hardship.

Regardless of divided opinions, Muhammadu Buhari’s role as both a military ruler and a democratically elected president makes him one of the most significant leaders in Nigeria’s modern history.


References

  • BBC News
  • Premium Times Nigeria
  • Channels TV
  • Punch Newspaper

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